Modal verbs
ሞዳል ግሦች (modal verbs)
can, could, may, might, must, have to, should, ought to, will, would እና shall፦ ከዋናው ግሥ በፊት ገብተው ችሎታን፣ ፈቃድን፣ ምክርን፣ ግዴታን ወይም ዕድልን የሚጨምሩ ትናንሽ ግሦች ናቸው።
አወቃቀሩ፦ modal + መሠረታዊ ግሥ
አማርኛ እነዚህን ትርጉሞች በግሡ ውስጥ ወይም ከግሡ በኋላ ያስቀምጣል፦ መሄድ እችላለሁ፣ መሄድ አለብኝ፣ ሊዘንብ ይችላል። እንግሊዝኛ ደግሞ ከግሡ በፊት የተለየ ትንሽ ቃል ያስገባል፦ I can go, I must go, it might rain። ሞዳሎች ቀላል ናቸው፦ ለ he/she/it አይለወጡም፣ ከኋላቸው ያለ to መሠረታዊው ግሥ ይመጣል፣ ጥያቄና አሉታዊም ያለ do ራሳቸው ይሠራሉ።
| Form | Example | |
|---|---|---|
| + | subject + modal + base verb | She can drive. You should rest. |
| − | subject + modal + not + base verb | She can't drive. You shouldn't wait. |
| ? | modal + subject + base verb | Can she drive? Should I call? |
| short answers | Yes / No + subject + modal | Yes, she can. / No, she can't. |
| short forms | can't, couldn't, won't, wouldn't, shouldn't, mustn't | won't = will not |
| have to (not a true modal) | do / does / did + have to | Do you have to work on Sunday? |
- -s አይጨመርም፦ he can, she must, it might (cans, musts አይባልም)።
- ከሞዳሉ በኋላ to የለም፦ must go, can swim። to ያላቸው ought to እና have to ብቻ ናቸው።
- ሁለት ሞዳሎች አብረው አይገቡም፦ will can ሳይሆን will be able to።
- I can lift heavy boxes, so the warehouse job is fine for me.
- You must wear your badge at all times.
- Should I bring my Social Security card to the interview?
- We won't be home on Saturday.
- Do you have to work this weekend?
እያንዳንዱ ሞዳል ለምን ይጠቅማል
ሞዳሉን በሥራው ይምረጡ። ትልቁ ወጥመድ mustn't እና don't have to ናቸው፦ mustn't ማለት አይፈቀድም፣ don't have to ማለት ደግሞ አያስፈልግም ነው። could, would እና may ከ can እና will የበለጠ ትሕትና አላቸው፤ ስለዚህ ከአለቃ፣ ከሐኪም ወይም ከቢሮ ጋር ሲነጋገሩ ይጠቀሙባቸው።
| Job | Modal | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ability | can, could (past), be able to | I can speak three languages. |
| permission | can, could, may (formal) | May I sit here? You can park behind the building. |
| requests | Can you…? Could you…? Would you…? | Could you send me the schedule, please? |
| offers | Shall I…? Can I…? I'll… | Shall I carry that for you? |
| advice | should, ought to, had better | You should see a doctor. You'd better leave now. |
| obligation | must, have to | You have to renew your license every eight years. |
| no obligation | don't have to, needn't | You don't have to pay; it's free. |
| not allowed | mustn't, can't | You mustn't smoke in the building. |
| possibility | may, might, could | It might rain later. |
| sure guesses | must (sure yes), can't (sure no) | He must be tired. That can't be true. |
| future, promises | will, won't | I'll call you tonight. |
| polite wishes | would like | I'd like an appointment, please. |
- mustn't = የተከለከለ ነው። don't have to = ምርጫው የእርስዎ ነው፤ አያስፈልግም።
- must ብዙ ጊዜ ከተናጋሪው ወይም ከማስታወቂያ ይመጣል፤ have to ደግሞ ከውጭ ደንብ ይመጣል። በአሜሪካ ንግግር have to ይበልጥ የተለመደ ነው።
- shall በአብዛኛው ከ I እና we ጋር ለማቅረብና ለመጠቆም ይውላል፦ Shall I…? Shall we…?
- Could you help me fill out this form?
- You don't have to bring lunch; the company provides it.
- Kids mustn't play near the pool without an adult.
- She isn't answering. She might be at work.
- You ought to save some money every month.
- Would you like some coffee?
ሞዳሎች በኀላፊ ጊዜ
አብዛኞቹ ሞዳሎች ቀላል ኀላፊ የላቸውም። can ወደ could ወይም was able to ይለወጣል፤ must እና have to ወደ had to ይለወጣሉ። ስላለፈው ነገር ለመፍረድ ወይም ለመገመት modal + have + past participle ይጠቀሙ፦ I should have called (አልደወልኩም፣ ስሕተት ነበር)፣ she might have missed the bus፣ he must have forgotten።
| Now | Past | Example |
|---|---|---|
| can | could / was able to | I could read when I was five. I was able to fix it. |
| must / have to | had to | I had to work late yesterday. |
| don't have to | didn't have to | We didn't have to wait long. |
| should | should have + past participle | You should have told me. |
| may / might | might have + past participle | She might have left already. |
| must (sure) | must have + past participle | He must have taken the wrong bus. |
| can't (sure not) | can't have + past participle | They can't have seen us. |
| will | would | He said he would call. |
- must የኀላፊ ቅርጽ የለውም፦ I had to go እንጂ I must went አይባልም።
- ከ modal + have በኋላ ሁልጊዜ past participle ይመጣል፦ should have gone እንጂ should have went አይደለም።
- በንግግር should have “should've” ይመስላል፤ “should of” ብሎ መጻፍ ስሕተት ነው።
- I couldn't find parking, so I was late.
- We had to show our IDs at the door.
- You should have asked for a receipt.
- The package isn't here. It might have gone to the wrong address.
የተለመዱ ስህተቶች
| ስህተት | ትክክል | ለምን |
|---|---|---|
| He can speak English. | Modals never take -s. | |
| You must wear a uniform. | No to after must, can, should or will; only ought to and have to have it. | |
| I will be able to come tomorrow. | Two modals cannot go together; use be able to. | |
| You don't have to bring food; lunch is free. | mustn't means it is forbidden; don't have to means it is not necessary. | |
| I had to work late yesterday. | must has no past form; use had to. | |
| Can you help me? | Modals make their own questions, without do. |
ልምምድ
እያንዳንዱ መልስ ወዲያው ከምክንያቱ ጋር ይታረማል። እዚህ ምንም አይቀመጥም።
She ___ speak three languages.
Make a question: You can work on Saturday. → ___ you work on Saturday? (one word)
The class is free. You ___ pay.
You ___ smoke in the hospital. It's against the rules.
Yesterday I ___ work late. (past of must, two words)
___ you help me carry this box, please? (polite)
You look tired. You ___ go to bed early. (advice, one word)
The lights are off and the car is gone. They ___ be at home.
I'm not sure, but it ___ rain later. (possibility, one word)
I didn't study, and I failed the test. I ___ studied.
Offer: ___ I open the window? (one word)