Spelling rules
የፊደል አጻጻፍ ደንቦች (spelling rules)
የእንግሊዝኛ አጻጻፍ ሁልጊዜ ከድምፁ ጋር አይገጥምም፤ አብዛኞቹ መጨረሻዎች ግን ጥቂት ደንቦችን ይከተላሉ፦ -s ወይም -es፣ y ወደ i፣ ተነባቢን መድገም፣ ድምፅ የሌለውን e መጣል። በተጨማሪም የአሜሪካና የእንግሊዝ አጻጻፍ፣ እና ሁሉም የሚሳሳታቸው ቃላት።
መጨረሻ መጨመር፦ -s, -es, -ed, -ing
አማርኛ እንደሚነበበው ይጻፋል፤ እንግሊዝኛ እንደዚያ አይደለም፤ መጨረሻዎቹ ግን መደበኛ ናቸው። እነዚህን ስድስት ደንቦች ይማሩ፤ አብዛኞቹ ብዙ ቁጥሮች፣ -s ግሦች፣ ያለፈ ጊዜና -ing ቅርጾች ትክክል ይሆናሉ። አናባቢዎች a, e, i, o, u ናቸው፤ ሌሎቹ ፊደላት ተነባቢዎች ናቸው።
| Rule | Examples |
|---|---|
| add -es after s, sh, ch, x, z, and often o | bus → buses, wash → washes, watch → watches, box → boxes, go → goes, tomato → tomatoes |
| consonant + y → i + es / ed | city → cities, carry → carried, try → tries |
| vowel + y → just add | day → days, play → played, key → keys |
| one vowel + one consonant, stressed: double it | stop → stopped, run → running, plan → planned, big → bigger |
| silent e: drop it before -ing / -ed | make → making, live → lived, drive → driving |
| -ie → -y before -ing | lie → lying, die → dying, tie → tying |
| -f / -fe → -ves (many nouns) | knife → knives, wife → wives, half → halves |
- w, x ወይም y አይደገሙም፦ fix → fixed, play → playing, snow → snowing።
- ጭነቱ በመጨረሻው ክፍል ላይ ካልሆነ አይደገምም፦ visit → visited, open → opened። (የእንግሊዝ አጻጻፍ l ን ይደግማል፦ travelled፤ የአሜሪካ አይደግምም፦ traveled።)
- ከ -ing በፊት y ይቀመጣል፦ study → studying, carry → carrying።
- መጨረሻው በተነባቢ ከጀመረ e ይቀመጣል፦ use → useful, safe → safety, care → careful።
- She watches the children while I am shopping.
- We planned the trip, but the flight was cancelled.
- My son is writing his homework now.
- The two cities are about four hours apart.
- He is lying on the sofa because he is tired.
i before e፣ -ful፣ -ly፣ እና የአሜሪካና የእንግሊዝ አጻጻፍ
“i before e, except after c” የሚለው የቆየ ደንብ ለብዙ ቃላት ይሠራል (believe, piece, receipt, ceiling)፤ ግን ልዩነቶች አሉት (their, weird, neighbour)። -ful የሚለው መጨረሻ አንድ l አለው (helpful, beautiful)፤ ተውሳከ ግሥ ለመሥራት -ly ይጨምሩ (careful → carefully, quick → quickly)። የአሜሪካና የእንግሊዝ እንግሊዝኛ አንዳንድ ቃላትን በተለያየ መንገድ ይጽፋሉ፦ ሁለቱም ትክክል ናቸው፤ በአሜሪካ ግን ቅጾች፣ የሥራ ማመልከቻዎችና ትምህርት ቤቶች የአሜሪካን አጻጻፍ ይጠብቃሉ።
| American | British | Pattern |
|---|---|---|
| color, neighbor, favorite | colour, neighbour, favourite | -or / -our |
| center, theater, meter | centre, theatre, metre | -er / -re |
| organize, realize, apologize | organise, realise, apologise | -ize / -ise |
| traveled, canceled | travelled, cancelled | one l / two l |
| check (bank), program, tire | cheque, programme, tyre | single words |
| license (noun and verb) | licence (noun), license (verb) | -se / -ce |
- በአንድ ሰነድ ውስጥ አንድ ዓይነት አጻጻፍ ይምረጡና ይቀጥሉበት። በአሜሪካ የሥራ ማመልከቻ color, center, organize ይጻፉ።
- -ful አንድ l አለው፦ grateful, hopeful። -ly ሲጨመር ሁለት ይሆናል፦ hopefully, carefully።
- ተነባቢ + y → ከ -ly በፊት i ይሆናል፦ easy → easily, happy → happily።
- I believe the receipt is in the bag.
- Please drive carefully; the roads are wet.
- The community center is next to the theater.
- She was very helpful at the DMV.
- Luckily, the bus was on time.
ብዙ ጊዜ በስሕተት የሚጻፉ 30 ቃላት
እነዚህን ቃላት የቋንቋው ተወላጆችም ይሳሳቷቸዋል። የፊደል መፈተሻ ይረዳል፤ ግን በተሳሳተ ቦታ የገባ እውነተኛ ቃልን (their በ there ፋንታ) አይይዝም። በአምስት በአምስት ይማሯቸውና እያንዳንዱን በዓረፍተ ነገር ይጻፉ።
| Word | Word | Word | Word | Word |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| accommodate | address | appointment | beginning | believe |
| business | calendar | definitely | different | embarrass |
| environment | February | government | grammar | immediately |
| independent | library | necessary | neighbor | occasion |
| occurred | receive | recommend | schedule | separate |
| successful | until | Wednesday | weird | tomorrow |
- ልብ የሚባሉ ድርብ ፊደላት፦ accommodate (cc, mm), address (dd, ss), recommend (አንድ c, mm), tomorrow (አንድ m, rr), until (አንድ l)።
- ድምፅ የሌላቸው ፊደላት፦ Wednesday (d), February (የመጀመሪያው r), government (n), business (i)።
- separate በመካከሉ “a rat” አለው፦ sep-a-rate። definitely በውስጡ “finite” አለው።
- I have a doctor's appointment on Wednesday.
- Please write your address on a separate sheet.
- It is necessary to bring your ID.
- I definitely recommend this restaurant.
- We received the letter from the government in February.
የተለመዱ ስህተቶች
| ስህተት | ትክክል | ለምን |
|---|---|---|
| I am writing a letter. | write ends in a silent e: drop it and add -ing, no double t. | |
| She studies every night. | Consonant + y: change y to i and add -es. | |
| We stopped at the store. | One vowel + one consonant: double the consonant before -ed. | |
| two babies | Consonant + y → -ies. | |
| I received your email. | i before e, except after c: receive. | |
| Thank you, it was very useful. | -ful always has one l. |
ልምምድ
እያንዳንዱ መልስ ወዲያው ከምክንያቱ ጋር ይታረማል። እዚህ ምንም አይቀመጥም።
stop + ed = ___
make + ing = ___
Plural of “city”: ___
lie + ing = ___
Plural of “box”:
Which is spelled correctly?
Which is the American spelling?
play + ed = ___
Which is spelled correctly?
careful + ly = ___
Which is the American spelling?
Plural of “knife”: ___