Present perfect
የአሁን ፍጹም ጊዜ (present perfect)
I have worked። ያለፈውን ከአሁኑ ጋር ያገናኛል፦ ልምዶች፣ በፊት ጀምረው አሁንም እውነት የሆኑ ነገሮች፣ እና ውጤታቸው አሁን የሚታይ ያለፉ ድርጊቶች።
ቅርጹ
have / has + past participle። ለመደበኛ ግሦች participle ከያለፈው ጋር አንድ ነው (worked, lived)። ኢመደበኛ ግሦች የራሳቸው participle አላቸው (go → gone, see → seen, eat → eaten)፤ irregular-verbs የሚለውን ገጽ ይመልከቱ። በንግግር have እና has ሁልጊዜ ማለት ይቻላል ያጥራሉ፦ I've, she's (እዚህ she's = she has እንጂ she is አይደለም)።
| I / you / we / they | he / she / it | |
|---|---|---|
| + | I've (have) finished. | She's (has) finished. |
| − | I haven't finished. | She hasn't finished. |
| ? | Have you finished? | Has she finished? |
| short answers | Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. | Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't. |
- አጭር መልሶች have / has እንጂ did አይጠቀሙም፦ Have you eaten? — Yes, I have።
- been to = ሄዶ ተመልሷል፤ gone to = ሄዷል፣ አሁንም እዚያ ነው።
- I've lost my bus pass.
- She hasn't called back yet.
- Have you ever been to San Francisco?
- My brother has gone to Addis for a month.
መቼ ይሠራበታል
በጊዜ መስመር ላይ የአሁን ፍጹም ከበፊት ተነሥቶ አሁን የሚደርስ መስመር ነው። ሦስት ዋና አጠቃቀሞች፦ (1) የሕይወት ልምድ፣ ጊዜ ሳይጠቀስ፦ I've worked in a restaurant። Have you ever driven in snow? (2) በፊት ጀምሮ አሁንም እውነት የሆነ፦ I've lived here for six years / since 2020። (3) ውጤቱ አሁን ያለ ያለፈ ድርጊት፦ I've lost my keys (ስለዚህ መግባት አልችልም)። አማርኛ ለ(1) ብዙ ጊዜ "ሄጄ አውቃለሁ" ይላል፤ ለ(2) የአሁኑን ይጠቀማል፦ "ከ2020 ጀምሮ እዚህ እኖራለሁ"። እንግሊዝኛ ለሁለቱም የአሁን ፍጹምን ይፈልጋል።
| Word | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ever / never | at any time / at no time in your life | Have you ever tried sushi? I've never tried it. |
| just | a very short time ago | I've just got home. |
| already | sooner than expected | She's already paid the bill. |
| yet | until now (questions, negatives; at the end) | Has the package arrived yet? It hasn't come yet. |
| for / since | length of time / starting point | for three years / since 2021 |
- for + የጊዜ ርዝመት (for two weeks)፤ since + መነሻ ጊዜ (since Monday, since I was a child)።
- የአሁን ፍጹምን ከተጠናቀቀ ጊዜ ጋር በፍጹም አይጠቀሙ፦ yesterday, last year, in 2019, ago።
- We've known the Tesfaye family since we came to Vegas.
- I've just sent you the address.
- Has the doctor seen your results yet?
- I've applied for five jobs this month.
- She's never been late to work.
የአሁን ፍጹም ወይስ ያለፈ ቀላል?
ይህ በጣም የተለመደው የጊዜ ችግር ነው። ይጠይቁ፦ መቼ እንደሆነ እጠቅሳለሁ? ያ ጊዜስ አልፏል? አዎ ከሆነ ያለፈ ቀላልን ይጠቀሙ፦ I went to New York in 2022። ጊዜ ካልተጠቀሰ ወይም ጊዜው ካላለቀ (today, this week, ever) የአሁን ፍጹምን ይጠቀሙ፦ I've been to New York twice። ውይይት ብዙ ጊዜ በአሁን ፍጹም ይጀምርና ለዝርዝሩ ወደ ያለፈ ቀላል ይሄዳል፦ Have you ever been to Chicago? — Yes, I went last winter። It was freezing።
| Present perfect (no time / until now) | Past simple (finished time) |
|---|---|
| I've lived here for five years. (I still do.) | I lived in Atlanta for five years. (Not now.) |
| Have you seen my keys? | Did you see the game last night? |
| She's had three jobs this year. | She had three jobs last year. |
- When…? ጥያቄዎች ያለፈ ቀላልን ይወስዳሉ፦ When did you arrive? (When have you arrived? አይደለም)
- I've worked at three hotels. I started at the Bellagio in 2017.
- Have you eaten? — Yes, I had lunch at twelve.
- He's lost his wallet. He lost it on the bus this morning.
የተለመዱ ስህተቶች
| ስህተት | ትክክል | ለምን |
|---|---|---|
| I saw him yesterday. | yesterday is finished time: past simple. | |
| I've lived here since 2018. | Still true now with since: present perfect. | |
| Have you ever been to Texas? | After have, use the past participle (been/gone), not the past. | |
| I've never seen snow. | never already makes it negative; don't add not. | |
| She has gone home. | has + past participle: gone, not the past form went. | |
| When did you come to the US? | When…? asks about a finished time: past simple. |
ልምምድ
እያንዳንዱ መልስ ወዲያው ከምክንያቱ ጋር ይታረማል። እዚህ ምንም አይቀመጥም።
I ___ my wallet. Can you lend me five dollars?
She ___ (work) here since 2021. (short form or two words)
We ___ to the Grand Canyon last summer.
I've known her ___ ten years.
Has the mail come ___? (one word: until now)
Past participle of “eat”: ___
Have you ever been to Canada? — No, I ___.
My sister isn't here. She's ___ to the store.
Which is correct?
I've ___ finished. I finished one minute ago. (one word)
Correct it: “I never have seen snow.” → I've ___ seen snow. (one word)