Irregular verbs

ኢመደበኛ ግሦች (irregular verbs)

በኀላፊ ጊዜ -ed የማይጨምሩ ወደ 100 የሚጠጉ የተለመዱ ግሦች፦ መሠረታዊ ቅርጽ፣ ኀላፊ ቀላልና past participle፤ ለመማር እንዲቀሉ በአወቃቀራቸው ተመድበዋል።

ሦስቱም አንድ ዓይነት (A–A–A)፣ እና A–B–A

መደበኛ ግሦች -ed ይጨምራሉ፦ work – worked – worked። ኢመደበኛ ግሦች በራሳቸው መንገድ ይለወጣሉ፣ ግን በቡድኖች ይከፈላሉ። የአማርኛ ግሦችም አወቃቀር ይከተላሉ (ሰበረ፣ ይሰብራል፣ ሰብሮ)፤ የእንግሊዝኛ ግሦችንም በአወቃቀር መማር በዚሁ መንገድ ይሠራል። ቀላሉ ቡድን በፍጹም አይለወጥም፦ cut – cut – cut። ትንሽ ቡድን ደግሞ በ participle ወደ መሠረታዊ ቅርጹ ይመለሳል፦ come – came – come።

Base	Past simple	Past participle	Amharic
bet	bet	bet	መወራረድ
burst	burst	burst	መፈንዳት
cost	cost	cost	ዋጋ ማውጣት
cut	cut	cut	መቁረጥ
fit	fit	fit	መመጠን
hit	hit	hit	መምታት
hurt	hurt	hurt	መጉዳት፤ ማመም
let	let	let	መፍቀድ
put	put	put	ማስቀመጥ
quit	quit	quit	ማቆም፤ መተው
read	read (said “red”)	read (said “red”)	ማንበብ
set	set	set	ማዘጋጀት፤ ማስቀመጥ
shut	shut	shut	መዝጋት
split	split	split	መከፋፈል
spread	spread	spread	ማሰራጨት
upset	upset	upset	ማበሳጨት
become	became	become	መሆን
come	came	come	መምጣት
run	ran	run	መሮጥ

በ A–A–A ግሦች ጊዜውን የሚያሳየው የጊዜ ቃሉ ወይም ባለቤቱ ነው፦ I put it there yesterday፤ she puts it there every day።
read አንድ ዓይነት ይመስላል፣ ድምፁ ግን ይለያል፦ አሁን read (“ሪድ”)፣ በኀላፊ read (“ሬድ”)።

The repair cost $300.
I hurt my back at work last week.
She quit her job and started her own business.
He has become a US citizen.
We ran to catch the bus.

ኀላፊ = participle (A–B–B)

ይህ ትልቁ ቡድን ነው፦ ኀላፊ ቀላሉና past participle አንድ ናቸው፤ ስለዚህ የሚማሩት ሁለት ቅርጾችን ብቻ ነው። ብዙዎቹ በ -ought / -aught፣ -t ወይም -d ያልቃሉ።

Base	Past simple	Past participle	Amharic
bring	brought	brought	ማምጣት
buy	bought	bought	መግዛት
fight	fought	fought	መጣላት
think	thought	thought	ማሰብ
seek	sought	sought	መፈለግ
catch	caught	caught	መያዝ
teach	taught	taught	ማስተማር
build	built	built	መገንባት
send	sent	sent	መላክ
spend	spent	spent	ማውጣት (ገንዘብ)፤ ማሳለፍ (ጊዜ)
lend	lent	lent	ማበደር
bend	bent	bent	ማጠፍ
feel	felt	felt	መሰማት
keep	kept	kept	ማቆየት፤ መጠበቅ
sleep	slept	slept	መተኛት
sweep	swept	swept	መጥረግ
leave	left	left	መሄድ፤ መተው
lose	lost	lost	ማጣት፤ መሸነፍ
mean	meant	meant	ማለት (ትርጉም)
meet	met	met	መገናኘት
deal	dealt	dealt	ማስተናገድ (deal with)
feed	fed	fed	መመገብ
lead	led	led	መምራት
light	lit	lit	ማብራት፤ መለኮስ
hear	heard	heard	መስማት
sell	sold	sold	መሸጥ
tell	told	told	መንገር
say	said	said	ማለት
pay	paid	paid	መክፈል
lay	laid	laid	ማኖር፤ ማንጠፍ
find	found	found	ማግኘት
hold	held	held	መያዝ
stand	stood	stood	መቆም
understand	understood	understood	መረዳት
have	had	had	መኖር (ያለው)
make	made	made	መሥራት
sit	sat	sat	መቀመጥ
win	won	won	ማሸነፍ
hang	hung	hung	መስቀል
stick	stuck	stuck	መለጠፍ፤ መጣበቅ
dig	dug	dug	መቆፈር
shoot	shot	shot	መተኮስ

-ought እና -aught ድምፃቸው አንድ ነው (“ኦት”)፦ bought, thought, caught, taught።
said እና paid፦ say – said (ድምፁ “ሴድ”)፣ pay – paid።
በአሜሪካ እንግሊዝኛ learn, burn, dream እና spell መደበኛ ናቸው፦ learned, burned, dreamed, spelled።

I bought a used car last month.
My father taught me to read Ge'ez.
We've spent too much money this week.
She left her phone on the bus.
Have you met our new neighbour?

ሦስቱም የተለያዩ (A–B–C)

በዚህ ቡድን ሦስቱም ቅርጾች የተለያዩ ናቸው። ብዙ past participles በ -n ወይም -en ያልቃሉ (taken, written, eaten)፤ ብዙዎቹም የ i – a – u የድምፅ አወቃቀርን ይከተላሉ (begin – began – begun, drink – drank – drunk)። ሦስተኛው ቅርጽ ለ present perfect (I have eaten) እና ለ passive (It was stolen) ያስፈልጋል።

Base	Past simple	Past participle	Amharic
be	was / were	been	መሆን
beat	beat	beaten	መምታት፤ ማሸነፍ
begin	began	begun	መጀመር
bite	bit	bitten	መንከስ
blow	blew	blown	መንፋት
break	broke	broken	መስበር
choose	chose	chosen	መምረጥ
do	did	done	ማድረግ
draw	drew	drawn	መሳል
drink	drank	drunk	መጠጣት
drive	drove	driven	መንዳት
eat	ate	eaten	መብላት
fall	fell	fallen	መውደቅ
fly	flew	flown	መብረር
forget	forgot	forgotten	መርሳት
forgive	forgave	forgiven	ይቅር ማለት
freeze	froze	frozen	መቀዝቀዝ
get	got	gotten (US) / got (UK)	ማግኘት
give	gave	given	መስጠት
go	went	gone	መሄድ
grow	grew	grown	ማደግ፤ ማብቀል
hide	hid	hidden	መደበቅ
know	knew	known	ማወቅ
ride	rode	ridden	መጋለብ፤ መሳፈር
ring	rang	rung	መደወል
rise	rose	risen	መነሣት፤ መጨመር
see	saw	seen	ማየት
shake	shook	shaken	መንቀጥቀጥ፤ መጨባበጥ
show	showed	shown	ማሳየት
sing	sang	sung	መዘመር
speak	spoke	spoken	መናገር
steal	stole	stolen	መስረቅ
swim	swam	swum	መዋኘት
take	took	taken	መውሰድ
tear	tore	torn	መቅደድ
throw	threw	thrown	መወርወር
wake	woke	woken	መንቃት
wear	wore	worn	መልበስ
write	wrote	written	መጻፍ

ኀላፊ ቀላል ብቻውን ይቆማል፦ I went። participle ረዳት ይፈልጋል፦ I have gone, it was taken።
been ወይስ gone? I've been to Seattle (ሄጄ ተመልሻለሁ)። He's gone to Seattle (አሁን እዚያ ነው)።
አሜሪካውያን ለ participle gotten ይላሉ፦ She has gotten better።

I've never driven in snow.
Somebody stole my bike, but the police found it.
My daughter has grown so much this year.
Have you eaten yet?
He wrote a letter to the school.

እንዴት መማር ይቻላል

100 ግሦችን በአንድ ቀን ለመማር አይሞክሩ። በሳምንት አሥር፣ በቡድን፣ ጮክ ብለው ይማሩ፦ ሦስቱን ቅርጾች እንደ ዜማ ይበሉ (drink – drank – drunk)። እያንዳንዱን ስለ ሕይወትዎ በሚናገር እውነተኛ ዓረፍተ ነገር ውስጥ ያስገቡ። በብዛት በሚጠቀሙባቸው ግሦች ይጀምሩ፦ be, have, do, go, get, make, say, see, take, come, know, think። በካርዶች ራስዎን ይፈትኑ፦ መሠረታዊው ቅርጽ በአንድ በኩል፣ ሌሎቹ ሁለቱ ከኋላ።

በድምፅ ቡድኖች ይማሩ፦ sing – sang – sung, ring – rang – rung, swim – swam – swum።
በዓረፍተ ነገር ይበሏቸው፦ Yesterday I went። I have gone። It was taken።
ከ did, didn't, will እና ሞዳሎች በኋላ መሠረታዊውን ቅርጽ ይጠቀሙ፦ Did you go? (Did you went? አይደለም)
የሚያውቋቸውን ሳይሆን የሚሳሳቱባቸውን ደጋግመው ይከልሱ።

Yesterday I took the bus. I have taken it every day this week.
I forgot my keys. I have forgotten them again!
She spoke to the manager. She has spoken to him twice.

የተለመዱ ስህተቶች

ስህተት	ትክክል	ለምን
~~I buyed a new phone.~~	I bought a new phone.	buy is irregular: buy – bought – bought.
~~I have went to Seattle.~~	I have been to Seattle.	After have, use the past participle (been or gone), not the past simple.
~~She has wrote the letter.~~	She has written the letter.	write – wrote – written.
~~Did you saw the message?~~	Did you see the message?	After did, use the base form.
~~He teached me to drive.~~	He taught me to drive.	teach – taught – taught.
~~The window was broke.~~	The window was broken.	The passive uses the participle broken.

ልምምድ

እያንዳንዱ መልስ ወዲያው ከምክንያቱ ጋር ይታረማል። እዚህ ምንም አይቀመጥም።

Past simple of buy: ___
Past participle of write: ___
I ___ my keys at work yesterday.
Past simple of teach: ___
Have you ever ___ to Chicago?
Past simple of cut: ___
She has ___ the email already.
Past participle of speak: ___
Which verb has three forms that are the same (A–A–A)?
Past simple of think: ___
The kids have ___ all the cake!
Past participle of get in American English: ___